The Nine O Nine, the Collings Foundation B-17 that crashed with fatal results in October, 2019.
The FAA has barred the Collings Foundation from carrying passengers, finding that its approach to maintenance was poor, which it also found contributed to the October 2019 crash of its B-17, Nine O Nine.
The entire decision is as follows:
RESCISSION OF EXISTING EXEMPTION AND
DENIAL OF PETITION TO EXTEND EXEMPTION
This decision rescinds the relief that the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) previously
granted to The Collings Foundation (Collings) from §§ 91.9(a), 91.315, 91.319(a), 119.5(g),
and 119.21(a) of Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR), which allows Collings to
operate certain aircraft for the purpose of carrying passengers for compensation or hire for
living history flight experiences (LHFE). The FAA had granted such relief in Exemption No.
6540 and extended this relief for successive two year periods. The most recent exemption the
FAA issued was Exemption No. 6540P, on March 22, 2018. This decision also denies the
petitioner’s request for extension and amendment, submitted on August 29, 2019, and
supplemented on November 8, 2019.
Rescission of Exemption
Exemption No. 6540P authorizes Collings to use ten aircraft to conduct LHFE operations in
various locations across the country. Specifically, the relief contained in Exemption No. 6540P
allows Collings to conduct operations with civil aircraft that either have experimental or limited
category airworthiness certificates for the purpose of carrying passengers for flight in historical
aircraft. This relief was granted in conjunction with specific conditions and limitations with which Collings was required to comply. Further information about the FAA’s policy for Living History
Flight Exemptions can be found in the FAA’s 2015 policy statement (the “FAA Policy”).
On October 2, 2019, Collings operated a Boeing B-17G (registration number N93012, serial
number 32264) under Exemption 6540P in Windsor Locks, Connecticut, during which it
undertook an emergency landing and crashed, causing a fire and resulting in fatal injuries to
five passengers and two crewmembers onboard the aircraft.2 Findings from the accident
investigation establish that 13 persons were onboard the aircraft at the time of the accident.
No seat with a seatbelt on the aircraft existed for the Collings Foundation Crew Chief.
Based on a review of the relevant records and other evidence, the FAA has determined
Collings was not fulfilling several requirements of the exemption. Condition and Limitation
No. 4 of the exemption states, “[i]n order to participate in Collings’s program and operations,
persons must initially, and on an ongoing annual basis, receive training appropriate to their
position on the contents and application of Collings’s manual system, safety and risk
management program, and the conditions and limitations set forth in this exemption.”
Similarly, Condition and Limitation No. 7 provides as follows:
Collings must document and record all ground and flight training and testing.
The documentation and records must contain, at minimum, the following
information:
a. Date of each training or testing session;
b. The amount of time spent for each session of training given;
c. Location where each session of training was given;
d. The airplane identification number(s) in which training was received;
e. The name and certificate number (when applicable) of the instructor who
provided each session of training;
f. The name and certificate number of the pilot who provided each session of
testing; and
g. For verification purposes, the signature and printed name of the person who
received the training or testing.
While Collings produced some training records for maintenance personnel and pilots, the
evidence indicates that Collings did not train the crew chief who was onboard the B-17G that
was involved in the accident on October 2, 2019. The applicable General Operations Manual
states that crew chiefs are assigned to every passenger flight aboard the B-17, B-25, and B-24.
Crew chiefs must assist the flightcrew with duties as assigned during each flight. Such duties
include, but are not limited to, assisting flightcrew with checklists and handling emergencies,as well as assisting flightcrew and maintenance personnel in preparation for each flight and
helping with ground operations and ramp safety. See Collings Foundation LHFE General
Operations Manual at 15 (rev. 1.2, Sept. 10, 2017). Crew chiefs are required to be familiar
with all documents that must be on board the aircraft and must be “trained by the [pilot in
command], [second in command], another Crew Chief or the [Director of Maintenance].” Id.
In an interview with the FAA on March 2, 2020, the crew chief verified that he received no
initial training and was unaware of basic information concerning operations under the
exemption. Instead, he only received on-the-job training. This lack of training indicates
Collings failed to fulfill the terms of Condition and Limitation Nos. 4 and 7.
Condition and Limitation No. 5 states, “Collings must maintain and apply on a continuous
basis its safety and risk management program that meets or exceeds the criteria specified in
the FAA Policy for all operations subject to this exemption. This includes, at a minimum, the
Collings SMS Manual, used as a basis for an equivalent level of safety.”
The evidence establishes Collings did not comply with its Safety Management System (SMS)
program. First, the crew chief Collings employed stated he was unaware that a safety and risk
management program existed. This absence of awareness and lack of training establishes that
Collings failed to maintain and apply on a continuous basis a safety and risk management
program that met or exceeded the criteria specified in the FAA Policy. Moreover, the Collings
Safety Management System Manual states that hazards should be identified and corrected as a
matter of daily routine because identifying and eliminating or mitigating hazards is essential to
preventing accidents, incidents, and injuries. See SMS Manual at 10, ¶ 6.1 (rev. 1.2, Sept. 10,
2017). The SMS Manual also emphasizes the performance of audits that cover, in part,
“general operations, aircraft maintenance, record keeping, operational procedures, [and]
observation of flight operations.” Id. at 15, ¶ 6.5. The SMS Manual further requires a culture
of safety exist at Collings Foundation. See id. at 6, ¶ 4. As described below, notable
maintenance discrepancies existed with the B-17G, yet the Collings Director of Maintenance
signed inspection records—dated as recently as September 23, 2019—indicating no findings
of discrepancies. No records or evidence of the completion of periodic audits exist with regard
to this aircraft. In addition, the pilot in command of the B-17G was also the Director of
Maintenance; as a result, Collings did not have a structure to ensure adequate oversight of his
decisions to conduct passenger-carrying operations such as the October 2 flight. This indicates
Collings lacked a safety culture when operating the B-17G. As a result, Collings did not fulfill
the requirements of Condition and Limitation No. 5.
Condition and Limitation No. 6 states as follows:
Collings must maintain all aircraft subject to this exemption in accordance with
the—
a. Collings General Maintenance Manual;
b. Maintenance requirements as specified in the appropriate type specification
sheet, as amended;
c. FAA-approved maintenance inspection program that meets the requirements
of § 91.409(e), (f)(4), and (g); and
d. Appropriate military technical manuals.
Inspection of the engines on the B-17G N93012 established magneto and ignition failures
existed. Regarding engine 4, to prevent the magneto “P” leads from separating from the
magnetos, someone had attempted to rig the magneto leads in place with safety wire.
Inspection and testing of engine 4 left magneto revealed the movement of the safety-wired
lead caused grounding to the case, which rendered the magneto lead inoperative. In addition,
the right magneto of engine 4 was found unserviceable. The cam follower was worn beyond
limits and the point gap was less than half the measurement required by service documents.
When tested, the magneto produced weak or no spark to four of the nine cylinders. All spark
plugs were inspected and required cleaning and all electrode gaps were out of tolerance;
therefore, further engine inspection indicated signs of detonation and associated damage. An
inspection of engine 3 showed all spark plugs electrode gaps were out of tolerance, fouled,
and revealed various signs of detonation. Further inspection of this engine revealed problems
with the cylinders. As a result of these findings and other information, the FAA questions
whether the engines were inspected adequately and in accordance with the applicable
maintenance requirements.
The discrepancies noted above indicate maintenance, or lack thereof, occurred in a manner
contrary to maintaining aircraft in accordance with the General Maintenance Manual (GMM).
The GMM incorporates by reference inspection procedures for individual aircraft, as
described the Aircraft Maintenance Manuals. See General Maintenance Manual Rev. 1.1 at 19
(Sept. 10, 2017). Moreover, the records memorializing the inspections and maintenance
performed on the B-17G lack key information and, in some cases, indicate maintenance was
either not performed at all or was performed in a manner contrary to the applicable
requirements. See Ground Check Inspection Form #15: Accessory Inspection, Engine
Number Four Fourth (25 Hour) (Sept. 23, 2019); Ground Check Inspection Form #17:
Ignition System Inspection, Engine Number Four Fourth (25 Hour) at ¶¶ 11-13 (Sept. 29,
2019). In addition, maintenance records indicate the removal of wires and no further repairs
or adjustments, even though a wire was burned and arcing. See NL93012 B-17G Flying
Fortress Flight Report (May 11, 2019). The same record, as well as a record from the
following day, indicates flights with passengers occurred in the aircraft. See id.; NL93012 B17G Flying Fortress Flight Report (May 12, 2019). As a result, Collings did not fulfill the
requirements of Condition and Limitation No. 6.
In addition, Condition and Limitation No. 22 requires compliance with all conditions and
limitations set forth in FAA Exemption No. 6540P. The lack of compliance discussed above
serves as a basis for the FAA to rescind the exemption.
Under Exemption No. 6540P, Collings received relief from the following regulations:
Section 91.9, which prohibits operations of a civil aircraft without complying with the
operating limitations specified in the approved Airplane or Rotorcraft Flight Manual,
markings, and placards, or as otherwise prescribed by the certificating authority of the
country of registry.
Section 91.315, which prescribes, in pertinent part, “No person may operate a limited
category civil aircraft carrying persons or property for compensation or hire.”
Section 91.319(a)(1) and (2), which state, “(a) No person may operate an aircraft that has
an experimental certificate— (1) for other than the purpose for which the certificate was
issued; or (2) Carrying persons or property for compensation or hire.”
Section 119.5(g), which prescribes, in pertinent part, “(g) No person may operate as a
direct air carrier or as a commercial operator without, or in violation of, an appropriate
certificate and appropriate operations specifications. No person may operate as a direct air
carrier or as a commercial operator in violation of any deviation or exemption authority, if
issued to that person or that person’s representative.”
Section 119.21(a), which prescribes, in pertinent part, “(a) Each person who conducts
airplane operations as a commercial operator engaged in intrastate common carriage of
persons or property for compensation or hire in air commerce, or as a direct air carrier,
shall comply with the certification and operations specifications requirements in subpart C
of this part....”
The FAA’s Decision:
The undersigned finds that allowing Exemption No. 6540P to continue in effect until its
previously established March 31, 2020, expiration date would not be in the public interest and
would adversely affect safety. Therefore, pursuant to the authority contained
in 49 U.S.C. 106(f) and (g), 40113, and 44701, delegated to me by the Administrator,
Exemption No. 6540P is rescinded in full, effective immediately
Decision on Petition to Extend Existing Exemption
This decision also responds to the petitioner’s request, dated August 22, 2019, to amend and
extend Exemption No. 6540P. The relief provided by Exemption No. 6540P is described above.
The petitioner requests to extend this relief and to add an additional B-25 aircraft to the
exemption for operations beginning in January 2020. Moreover, on November 8, 2019, Collings
submitted an additional request to the FAA, in which Collings sought to add another B-17 to
exemption 6540P.
The petitioner supports its request with the following information:
In its petition to extend Exemption No. 6540P, the petitioner states that all of the aircraft
requested are either limited or experimental category and that none of them has a standard
category equivalent. Petitioner also states that all of the aircraft have been U.S. operated, none of
the aircraft are currently in U.S. military service, and all of the aircraft meet the criteria of being
“fragile” as there are less than 1% of each type still in service.
The FAA’s analysis is as follows:
The FAA has determined good cause exists for not publishing a summary of the petition in
the Federal Register because the requested extension of the exemption would not set a
precedent.
Although the FAA did not seek comment on this extension, the FAA received over 1,500
comments supporting the renewal of Exemption No. 6540P. Most of these comments were
from individuals who cited the historical and sentimental value of allowing living history
flights to continue. Some individual commenters strongly urged the FAA to not renew
Exemption No. 6540P because of safety concerns regarding the operations Collings has
conducted.
In considering the request for further extension of Exemption No. 6540P, the FAA assessed
the current risk to the safety of U.S. registered aircraft, FAA-certificated airmen, persons
paying for carriage, and the public at large in determining whether granting relief to Collings
would be in the public interest. See 49 U.S.C. 44701(f). As noted in the previous section
regarding rescission of Exemption No. 6540P, the FAA has determined through ongoing
investigation that Collings has not been operating in compliance with the conditions and
limitations of the 6540P exemption issued to Collings. In addition, the FAA continues to
gather facts that indicate Collings lacked a commitment to safety, insofar as Collings did not
take seriously its safety management system program. Based on the totality of facts the FAA
has gathered, granting an extension to Collings’s current authority to operate and permitting
Collings to add an aircraft to its exemption would adversely affect safety.
The FAA is mindful that flight in these historic aircraft is meaningful to some members of the
public; however, the FAA is required by statute to ensure that any exemption the FAA grants
would be in the public interest. See 49 U.S.C. 44701(f). Given the facts of the accident on
Oct. 2, 2019, and the subsequent evidence of Collings’s lack of compliance summarized in the
Rescission section of this document, the FAA has determined that granting the exemption
from §§ 91.9(a), 91.315, 91.319(a), 119.5(g), and 119.21(a) would not be in the public interest
because of the adverse effect on safety.
The FAA’s Decision:
In consideration of the foregoing, I find that a grant of exemption is not in the public interest
because it would adversely affect the safety of Collings Foundation’s U.S.-registered aircraft,
the FAA-certificated airmen that would be participating in the operations, the passengers on
board the aircraft, and others involved in or affected by the operations. Therefore, pursuant to
the authority contained in 49 U.S.C. 106(f), 40113, and 44701, delegated to me by the
Administrator, the petition for renewal of Exemption No. 6540P issued to The Collings
Foundation is denied.
Issued in Washington, D.C., on March 25, 2020
